PK 2K 98O"H refs.MYD F? Chant, R. J.
Glenn, S.
Kohut, J. 2004H Flow reversals during upwelling conditions on the New Jersey inner shelf Journal of Geophysical Research 109 C12S03 doi:10.1029/2003JC001941 ? Ridgway, K. R.
J. R. Dunn 2003c Mesoscale structure of the mean East Australian Current System and its relationship with topography 189-222 Progress in Oceanography 56 ? ' Wilkin, J. L.
Bowen, M. M.
Emery, W. J. 2002^ Mapping mesoscale currents by optimal interpolation of satellite radiometer and altimeter data 95-103 Ocean Dynamics 52 ? Walker, A. E.
Wilkin, J. L. 1998P Optimal averaging of NOAA/NASA Pathfinder satellite sea surface temperature data
12,869-12,883 Journal of Geophysical Research 103 ? < Tilburg, E. C.
Hurlbert, H. E.
O'Brien, J. J.
Shriver, J. F. 2001z The dynamics of the East Australian Current system: the Tasman Front, the East Auckland Current, and the East Cape Current 2917-2943 Journal of Physical Oceanography 31 ? Nilsson, C. S.
Cresswell, G. R. 1981G The formation and evolution of East Australian Current warm core eddies 133-183 Progress in Oceanography 9 ? o / Mata, M. M.
Tomczak, M.
Wijffels, S.
Church, J. 2000 East Australian Current volume transports at 30oS: Estimates from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrographic sections PR11/P6 and the PCM3 current meter array
28,509-28,526 Journal of Geophysical Research 105 ? Godfrey, J. S. 1989b A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the World Ocean allowing for island circulations 89-112, Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 45 ? Ridgway, K. R.
Godfrey, J. S. 1994G Mass and heat budgets in the East Australian Current: A direct approach 3231-3248 Journal of Geophysical Research 99 ? D Godfrey, J. S.
Cresswell, G. R.
Golding, T. J.
Pearce, A. F.
R. Boyd 1980- The separation of the East Australian Current 430-440 Journal of Physical Oceanography 10 {? Cresswell, G. R.
Legeckis, R. 1986! Eddies off southeastern Australia 1527-1562 Deep Sea Research 33 ?
Boland, F. M. 1979^ A time series of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections across the East Australian Current 303-3134 Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30 ? Bennett, A. F. 19837 The South Pacific including the East Australian Current 219-244 Eddies in Marine Science Robinson, A. New York Springer-Verlag ? Feron, R. C. V. 1995 The Southern Ocean western boundary currents: Comparison of fine resolution Antarctic model results with Geosat altimeter records 4959-4975 Journal of Geophysical Research 100 ? ' Bowen, M. M.
Wilkin, J. L.
Emery, W. J. 20056 Variability and forcing of the East Australian Current doi:10.1029/2004JC002533 Journal of Geophysical Research 110 C03019 doi:10.1029/2004JC002533 ? ! Marchesiello, P.
Middleton, J. H. 2000> Modeling the East Australian Current in the Western Tasman Sea 2956-2971 Journal of Physical Oceanography 30 ? Stammer, D. 1997i Global characteristics of ocean variability estimated from regional TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter measurements 1743-1769 Journal of Physical Oceanography 27 ? ( Ridgway, K. R.
Dunn, J. R.
Wilkin, J. L. 2002i Ocean interpolation by 4-dimensional weighted least squares: Application to the waters around Australasia 1357-1375- Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19 ? J Bowen, M. M.
Emery, W. J.
Wilkin, J. L.
P. Tildesley
I. Barton
R. Knewtson 2002t Extracting multi-year surface currents from sequential thermal imagery using the Maximum Cross Correlation technique 1665-1676- Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19 ? D Marchesiello, Patrick
McWilliams, James C.
Shchepetkin, Alexander F. 2001M Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models 1-20 Ocean Modelling 3 1-2? Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)
open boundary conditions Regional oceanic models can be developed and used efficiently for the investigation of regional and coastal domains, provided a satisfactory prescription for the open boundary conditions (OBCs) is found. We propose in this paper an adaptive algorithm where inward and outward information fluxes are treated separately. Because of the essentially hyperbolic nature of the incompressible, hydrostatic Primitive Equations, external data are required only for inward boundary fluxes. The outward fluxes are treated with a new algorithm for two-dimensional radiation. Special attention is given to the estimation of the radiation phase speed, essential for detecting the direction of boundary fluxes. The boundary conditions are applied and assessed on a US West Coast (USWC) configuration of the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Our guiding principles are that the numerical solution be stable over multiple years, reach a meaningful statistical equilibrium, and be realistic with respect to the available observational data. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the oblique radiation is robust and sufficiently accurate to detect the direction of information fluxes. The adaptive nudging adequately incorporates the external information minimizing over- and under-specification problems. In addition, a volume constraint based on global correction of normal barotropic velocities improves the overall performances of the open boundary conditions.?C
1 Luettich, R. A.
Westerink, J. J.
Scheffner, N. W. 1992Z ADCIRC: An advanced three-dimensional circulation model for shelves, coasts, and estuaries 137 DRP-92-6
Vicksburg, MS/ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Tech. Rep. DRP-92-6 ?D Umlauf, L.
Burchard, H. 2003A A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models 235-265 Journal of Marine Research 61 ?E = Lentz, S.
Shearman, K.
Anderson, S.
Plueddemann, A.
Edson, J. 2003z Evolution of stratification over the New England shelf during the Coastal Mixing and Optics study, August 1996–June 1997 3008 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C1 doi:10.1029/2001JC001121 ?F Linder, C. A.
Gawarkiewicz, G. 1998B A climatology of the shelfbreak front in the Middle Atlantic Bight
18,405-18,423 Journal of Geophysical Research 103 ?G Limeburner, R.
Beardsley, R. C. 1982> The seasonal hydrography and circulation over Nantucket Shoals 371-406 Journal of Marine Research 40
Supplement ( ?H
4 Hutto, L.
J. Lord
P. Bouchard
R. Weller
M. Pritchard 2003 SecNav/CBLAST 2002 field experiment deployment/recovery cruises and data report, F/V Nobska, September 4 and 9, 2002, mooring data June 19-September 9, 2002 114$ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
WHOI-2003-07 ?I ' Naimie, C. E.
Loder, J. W.
Lynch, D. R. 1994P Seasonal variation of the three-dimensional residual circulation on Georges Bank
15,967-15,989 Journal of Geophysical Research 99 C8 ?J Limeburner, R.
Beardsley, R. C. 1996, Near-surface recirculation over Georges Bank 1547-1574 Deep Sea Research II 43 ? W Moore, A. M.
Arango, H. G.
Di Lorenzo, E.
Cornuelle, B. D.
Miller, A. J.
Neilson, D. J. 2004v A Comprehensive Ocean Prediction and Analysis System Based on the Tangent Linear and Adjoint of a Regional Ocean Model 227-258 Ocean Modelling 7 The Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) is a new generation ocean general circulation model that is rapidly gaining favour in the ocean modelling community. The tangent linear and adjoint versions of ROMS have recently been developed, and a new suite of tools that utilize these models for a variety of applications are now available to the ocean modelling community. In this paper we will describe the tangent linear and adjoint components of ROMS, and present examples from the tools that are currently available to ROMS users In particular we will consider the nite time eigenmodes and the adjoint nite time eigenmodes of the tangent linear propagator, the singular vectors of the propagator, and its forcing singular vectors and stochastic optimals. The pseudospectra of the tangent linear resolvent matrix are also considered. Examples of each type of calculation will be presented for a time evolving double gyre ocean circulation in a rectangular ocean basin.I Draft downloaded from http://marine.rutgers.edu/po/Papers/lat_roms_om.pdf? B Peliz, Álvaro
Rosa, Teresa L.
Santos, Miguel P.
Pissarra, Joaquim 2002G Fronts, jets, and counter-flows in the Western Iberian upwelling system 61-77 Journal of Marine Systems 35 1-2 Western Iberian Upwelling Systemh The results of a fine resolution hydrology survey conducted off the northern Portuguese coast at the end of the upwelling season are presented. The most striking features were the upwelling front and the associated southward jet. Counter-flows were detected both over the slope and at the inner-shelf. The southward current is surface intensified with maximum values of about 40 cm s-1 and diverges to the south of the observed area recirculating both onshore and offshore. Along the slope, a warmer and saltier poleward current interacts with the jet generating an anticyclonic eddy about the Aveiro Canyon. Possible mechanisms of topographic forcing and filament development in the zone are discussed.
Inshore, a coastal current advects warmer water northward creating a second front at the inner-shelf. The surface layers to the coastal side of the upwelling front are dominated by a low salinity lens, which we proposed to name the Western Iberia Buoyant Plume (WIBP). The equatorward flow, the coastal current and the stratification input of the WIBP introduce strong complexity into the dynamics of this double-frontal upwelling system. The plume is stirred being partially advected to the south and offshore while entrained in the upwelling jet. On the shore side, the plume is advected to the north by the coastal counter-flow. A conceptual model of circulation is presented.h Actually not all that interesting to me, but I'm interested in some later work by Alvaro Peliz with ROMS ?$ . Shchepetkin, Alexander F.
McWilliams, James C. 1998M Quasi-monotone advection schemes based on explicit locally adaptive diffusion 1541-1580 Monthly Weather Review 1267 advection schemes
ELAD advection
hydrodynamic modelling
[?% . Shchepetkin, Alexander F.
McWilliams, James C. 2003t A Method for Computing Horizontal Pressure-Gradient Force in an Oceanic Model with a Non-Aligned Vertical Coordinate 3090, doi:10.1029/2001JC001047 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C3. hydrodynamic modelling
pressure-gradient error Discretization of the pressure-gradient force is a long-standing problem in terrainfollowing
(or s) coordinate oceanic modeling. When the isosurfaces of the vertical
coordinate are not aligned with either geopotential surfaces or isopycnals, the horizontal
pressure gradient consists of two large terms that tend to cancel; the associated pressuregradient
error stems from interference of the discretization errors of these terms. The
situation is further complicated by the nonorthogonality of the coordinate system and by
the common practice of using highly nonuniform stretching for the vertical grids, which,
unless special precautions are taken, causes both a loss of discretization accuracy overall
and an increase in interference of the component errors. In the present study, we design a
pressure-gradient algorithm that achieves more accurate hydrostatic balance between the
two components and does not lose as much accuracy with nonuniform vertical grids at
relatively coarse resolution. This algorithm is based on the reconstruction of the density
field and the physical z coordinate as continuous functions of transformed coordinates with
subsequent analytical integration to compute the pressure-gradient force. This approach
allows not only a formally higher order of accuracy, but it also retains and expands several
important symmetries of the original second-order scheme to high orders [Mellor et al.,
1994; Song, 1998], which is used as a prototype. It also has built-in monotonicity
constraining algorithm that prevents appearance of spurious oscillations of polynomial
interpolant and, consequently, insures numerical stability and robustness of the model
under the conditions of nonsmooth density field and coarse grid resolution. We further
incorporate an alternative method of dealing with compressibility of seawater, which
escapes pressure-gradient errors associated with interference of the nonlinear nature of
equation of state and difficulties to achieve accurate polynomial fits of resultant in situ
density profiles. In doing so, we generalized the monotonicity constraint to guarantee
nonnegative physical stratification of the reconstructed density profile in the case of
compressible equation of state. To verify the new method, we perform traditional idealized
(Seamount) and realistic test problems. ?' Penven, Pierrick 2000^ A numerical study of the Southern Benguela circulation with an application to fish recruitment Brest# Université de Bretagne Occidentale5 http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~penven/publications/these/ ?( 8 Peliz, Álvaro
Dubert, J.
Haidvogel, Dale B.
Le Cann, B. 2003l Generation and unstable evolution of a density-driven eastern poleward current: The Iberian Poleward Current 3268 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C8 doi:10.1029/2002JC001443 ?) . Dinniman, M. S.
Klinck, J. M.
Smith Jr., W. O. 2003O Cross shelf exchange in a model of the Ross Sea circulation and biogeochemistry 3103-3120 Deep Sea Research II 50 ?* MacCready, P.
Geyer, W. R. 20010 Estuarine salt flux through an isohaline surface
11,629-11,637 Journal of Geophysical Research 106 ?+ Rosmond, T. E. 1992S The design and testing of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System 262-272 Weather and Forecasting 7 ?, 2 Fairall, C.
E. Bradley
D. Rogers
J. Edson
G. Young 19966 Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE 3747-3764 Journal of Geophysical Research 101~?- Chassignet, Eric P.
Arango, Hernan G.
Dietrich, David E.
Ezer, Tal
Ghil, Michael
Haidvogel, Dale B.
Ma, C.-C.
Mehra, Avichal
Paiva, Afonso M.
Sirkes, Ziv 2000 DAMÉE-NAB: the base experiments 155-183" Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 32 3-4 DAMÉE-NAB
hydrodynamic modelling
Modular Ocean Model (MOM)
Dietrich/Center for Air Sea Technology model (DIECAST)
Princeton Ocean Model (POM)
Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)
Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Model (MICOM) The results of an intercomparison experiment performed with five numerical ocean models of different architecture are presented. While all models are able to simulate the large-scale characteristics of the North Atlantic circulation with a fair degree of realism, they also exhibit differences that can be attributed to the choices made in vertical coordinates, domain size, and boundary conditions. '?. 5 Ezer, Tal
Arango, Hernan G.
Shchepetkin, Alexander F. 2002U Developments in terrain-following ocean models: intercomparisons of numerical aspects 249-267 Ocean Modelling 4B Princeton Ocean Model (POM)
Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) During the course of developing new numerical algorithms for a terrain-following ocean modeling system (TOMS), different numerical aspects have been evaluated through a comparison between two widely used community ocean models, the Princeton ocean model (POM) and the regional ocean modeling system (ROMS). While both models aim at modeling coastal to basin-scale problems using similar grids, their numerical algorithms, code structure, and parameterization options are very different. Sensitivity studies with an idealized channel flow and a steep seamount configuration demonstrate how different algorithms in the two models may affect numerical errors, the stability of the code and the computational efficiency. For example, new pressure gradient schemes using polynomial fits and new time stepping algorithms may reduce numerical errors and allow using longer time steps than standard schemes do. However, the new schemes may require more careful choices of time steps and the use of higher order advection schemes to maintain numerical stability. ?/ ~ Haidvogel, Dale B.
Arango, Hernan G.
Hedström, Katherine S.
Beckmann, Aike
Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola
Shchepetkin, Alexander F. 2000p Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates 239-281" Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 32E DAMÉE-NAB
Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)
North Pacific Ocean1 A primitive equation ocean circulation model in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates is applied to a decadal-length simulation of the circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition to the stretched sigma coordinate, novel features of the model include the utilization of a weakly dissipative, third-order scheme for tracer advection, and a conservative and constancy-preserving time-stepping algorithm. The objectives of the study are to assess the quality of the new terrain-following model in the limit of realistic basin-scale simulations, and to compare the results obtained with it against those of other North Atlantic models used in recent multi-model comparison studies.
The new model is able to reproduce many features of both the wind-driven and thermohaline circulation, and to do so within error bounds comparable with prior model simulations (e.g., CME and DYNAMO). Quantitative comparison with comparable results obtained with the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Model (MICOM) show our terrain-following solutions are of similar overall quality when viewed against known measures of merit including meridional overturning and heat flux, Florida Straits and Gulf Stream transport, seasonal cycling of temperature and salinity, and upper ocean currents and tracer fields in the eastern North Atlantic Basin. Sensitivity studies confirm that the nonlinear vertical coordinate contributes significantly to model fidelity, and that the global inventories and spatial structure of the tracer fields are affected in important ways by the choice of lateral advection scheme. ?1 D Marchesiello, Patrick
McWilliams, James C.
Shchepetkin, Alexander F. 2003C Equilibrium structure and dynamics of the California Current System 753-783 Journal of Physical Oceanography 33 4@ California Current System
Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) This paper addresses the structure and dynamical mechanisms of regional and mesoscale physical variability in the subtropical northeast Pacific Ocean using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). The model is configured with a U.S. West Coast domain that spans the California Current System (CCS) with a mesoscale horizontal resolution up to as fine as 3.5 km. Its mean-seasonal forcing is by momentum, heat, and water fluxes at the surface and adaptive nudging to gyre-scale fields at the open water boundaries. Its equilibrium solutions show realistic mean and seasonal states and vigorous mesoscale eddies, fronts, and filaments. The level of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the model is comparable to drifter and altimeter estimates in the solutions with sufficiently fine resolution. Because the model lacks nonseasonal transient forcing, the authors conclude that the dominant mesoscale variability in the CCS is intrinsic rather than transiently forced. The primary eddy generation mechanism is the baroclinic instability of upwelling, alongshore currents. There is progressive movement of mean-seasonal currents and eddy energy offshore and downward into the oceanic interior in an annually recurrent cycle. The associated offshore eddy heat fluxes provide the principal balance against nearshore cooling by mean Ekman transport and upwelling. The currents are highly nonuniform along the coast, with important influences by capes and ridges in both maintaining mean standing eddies and launching transient filaments and fronts.?4 Penven, Pierrick
Roy, C.
Brundrit, G. B.
de Verdiere, A. Colin
Freon, P.
Johnson, A. S.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E.
Shillington, F. A. 2001C A regional hydrodynamic model of upwelling in the Southern Benguela 472-476 South African Journal of Science 97@ Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)
Benguela Upwelling System The Benguela upwelling system, off the southwest coast of southern
Africa, is productive but also highly dispersive. Sardines and
anchovies have adapted their reproductive strategy by spawning
on the Agulhas Bank, away from the upwelling region. Transport
from the spawning grounds to the nursery area is believed to be one
of the main environmental processes that control recruitment. To
understand the transport processes along the southwest African
coast better, we set up an eddy-resolving, primitive equation model
of the regional oceanic circulation. The model domain covers the
shelves and oceanic plains from 40°S to 28°S and from 10° E to 24°E.
To obtain statistically meaningful solutions, long simulations (more
than 10 years) were conducted. The high-order accuracy of the
model schemes and grid resolution allow the development of
plumes, filaments and eddies, which are characteristic features of
upwelling systems. While only large-scale and seasonal variations
are forced, this energetic mesoscale activity induces an important
variability. This intrinsic variability could limit the predictability of
the transport processes and fish recruitment in the Benguela
Current. ?5 . Shchepetkin, Alexander F.
McWilliams, James C. 2005z The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model 347-404 Ocean Modelling 9 4G The purpose of this study is to find a combination of optimal numerical algorithms for time-stepping and mode-splitting suitable for a high-resolution, free-surface, terrain-following coordinate oceanic model. Due to mathematical feedback between the baroclinic momentum and tracer equations and, similarly, between the barotropic momentum and continuity equations, it is advantageous to treat both modes so that, after a time step for the momentum equation, the computed velocities participate immediately in the computation of tracers and continuity, and vice versa, rather than advancing all equations for one time step simultaneously. This leads to a new family of time-stepping algorithms that combine forward-backward feedback with the best known synchronous algorithms, allowing an increased time step due to the enhanced internal stability without sacrificing its accuracy. Based on these algorithms we design a split-explicit hydrodynamic kernel for a realistic oceanic model, which addresses multiple numerical issues associated with mode splitting. This kernel utilizes consistent temporal averaging of the barotropic mode via a specially designed filter function to guarantee both exact conservation and constancy preservation properties for tracers and yields more accurate (up to second-order), resolved barotropic processes, while preventing aliasing of unresolved barotropic signals into the slow baroclinic motions. It has a more accurate mode-splitting due to redefined barotropic pressure-gradient terms to account for the local variations in density field, while maintaining the computational efficiency of a split model. It is naturally compatible with a variety of centered and upstream-biased high-order advection algorithms, and helps to mitigate computational cost of expensive physical parameterization of mixing processes and submodels._ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VPS-4DD8795-1/2/46fb4c064977a1deb25bcf699388bbef Was #1223?6 Song, Yuhe
Haidvogel, Dale B. 1994b A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system 228-244 Journal of Computational Physics 115 1 terrain-following coordinates
S-Coordinate Primitive Equation Model (SPEM)
S-Coordinate Rutgers University Model (SCRUM)
Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)' Includes definition of the s coordinate
f?7 U Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola
Hedström, Katherine S.
Arango, Hernan G.
Haidvogel, Dale B. 2000 Water mass pathways between the subtropical and tropical ocean in a climatological simulation of the North Atlantic ocean circulation 331-371" Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 32 3-4} North Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone
Lagrangian drifters
S-Coordinate Primitive Equation Model (SPEM) A primitive equation, hydrostatic, terrain-following coordinate ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to investigate the mean water mass pathways from the subtropics to the tropics in the Atlantic Ocean. The OGCM is used in a fully realistic configuration of the Atlantic, from 30°S to 65°N, with realistic bathymetry. Surface forcings are provided by the COADS climatology. A non-eddy-resolving numerical simulation is analyzed with 3/4° horizontal resolution and 20 terrain-following vertical levels.
The primary objective of this study is to assess the theoretical framework extending the ventilated thermocline theory to the equator in the context of the numerical calculation, and to establish whether the predictions of a steady-state theory can be verified in a time-dependent simulation, in which rectified seasonal effects on the time mean yearly circulation may be important. The Bernoulli function is evaluated on isopycnal surfaces outcropping in the subtropics in both hemispheres and floats are injected at different northern and southern latitudes. In both hemispheres, the interior flow velocities are parallel to the Bernoulli streamlines that are significantly modified by inertia only very near the equator and on the Equatorial UnderCurrent (EUC).
In the Northern Atlantic, pathways from the subtropics to the tropics exist for the isopycnal surfaces outcropping at 20¯22°N. The injected floats reach the EUC following a zigzag pattern determined by the tropical current system. It is impossible to distinguish between the western boundary and the interior exchange windows as they are merged together forming a broad exchange pathway east of the northwestward flowing North Brazil Current (NBC). This exchange window disappears for the floats injected north of ~30°N, and corresponding outcropping isopycnals >25.5 kg/m3, where only the recirculating window of the subtropical gyre remains.
In the Southern Atlantic, all the floats injected between 6° and 15°S migrate to the western boundary where they are entrained in the NBC. There is no interior exchange window. At the equator, some are directly entrained into the EUC, some overshoot and retroflect at ~8°N, then join the EUC.
As the numerical simulation is carried out under surface forcings that include the seasonal cycle, we can assess the impact of the seasonal cycle on the steady-state analysis. The most important effect is due to the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which in summer is strong, and produces an "island" of Ekman upwelling between 10° and 20°N, which is reflected in the yearly mean properties. The ICTZ-induced upwelling and interior stratification support a corresponding "island" of high potential vorticity that penetrates in depth to all the isopycnals outcropping between 20° and 25°N. This high potential vorticity island creates a barrier that constrains the floats injected at and north of 20°N to flow around it to reach the Equator and the EUC. ?8 E Warner, J. C.
Sherwood, C. R.
Arango, H. G.
Signell, R. P.
Butman, B. 2005] Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method 81-113 Ocean Modelling 8` A two-equation turbulence model (one equation for turbulence kinetic energy and a second for a generic turbulence length-scale quantity) proposed by Umlauf and Burchard [J. Marine Research 61 (2003) 235] is implemented in a three-dimensional oceanographic model (Regional Oceanographic Modeling System; ROMS v2.0). These two equations, along with several stability functions, can represent many popular turbulence closures, including the k-kl (Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5), k-[epsiv], and k-[omega] schemes. The implementation adds flexibility to the model by providing an unprecedented range of turbulence closure selections in a single 3D oceanographic model and allows comparison and evaluation of turbulence models in an otherwise identical numerical environment. This also allows evaluation of the effect of turbulence models on other processes such as suspended-sediment distribution or ecological processes. Performance of the turbulence models and sediment-transport schemes is investigated with three test cases for (1) steady barotropic flow in a rectangular channel, (2) wind-induced surface mixed-layer deepening in a stratified fluid, and (3) oscillatory stratified pressure-gradient driven flow (estuarine circulation) in a rectangular channel. Results from k-[epsiv], k-[omega], and gen (a new closure proposed by Umlauf and Burchard [J. Marine Research 61 (2003) 235]) are very similar for these cases, but the k-kl closure results depend on a wall-proximity function that must be chosen to suit the flow. Greater variations appear in simulations of suspended-sediment concentrations than in salinity simulations because the transport of suspended-sediment amplifies minor variations in the methods. The amplification is caused by the added physics of a vertical settling rate, bottom stress dependent resuspension, and diffusive transport of sediment in regions of well mixed salt and temperature. Despite the amplified sensitivity of sediment to turbulence models in the estuary test case, the four closures investigated here all generated estuarine turbidity maxima that were similar in their shape, location, and concentrations._ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VPS-4BD5GGX-1/2/e50480de5d8207d9ed1ebdb8ce1af57d
TY - JOUR :?9 s Wilkin, John L.
Arango, Hernan G.
Haidvogel, Dale B.
Lichtenwalner, C. Sage
Glenn, Scott M.
Hedström, Katherine S. 2005H A Regional Ocean Modeling System for the Long-term Ecosystem Observatory doi:10.1029/2003JC002218 Journal of Geophysical Research 110 C06S91 doi:10.1029/2003JC002218 C?: 1 Haidvogel, Dale B.
Wilkin, John L.
Young, Roberta 1991 A semi-spectral primitive equation ocean circulation model using vertical sigma and orthogonal curvilinear horizontal coordinates 151-185 Journal of Computational Physics 94D semi-spectral primitive equation model (SPEM)
hydrodynamic modelling x ?; / Wilkin, J. L.
Mansbridge, J. V.
Hedstrom, K. S. 1995 An application of the capacitance matrix method to accommodate masked land areas and island circulations in a primitive equation model 649-6624 International Journal of Numerical Methods in Fluids 20b semi-spectral primitive equation model (SPEM)
elliptic solvers
Southwest Pacific Ocean
ocean model?> ' Lutjeharms, J. R. E.
Penven, P.
Roy, C. 2003? Modelling the shear edge eddies of the southern Agulhas Current 1099-1115 Continental Shelf Research 23 2003 Observations have revealed the presence of cyclonic eddies embedded in the landward border of the southern Agulhas Current. These shear edge eddies are most prevalent in the Agulhas Bank shelf bight, have a diameter of about 50-100 km and are represented by a thermal dome and a surface warm plume inshore. In an attempt to better understand their generation and behavior, we have used a high-resolution model designed for the general region. The ocean model employed is the Regional Ocean Modeling System that solves the free surface, hydrostatic, primitive equations over variable topography using stretched, terrain-following coordinates in the vertical, orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in the horizontal, and featuring high-order schemes. The model simulates the creation of cyclonic shear edge eddies and their attendant surface plumes of warm water along the edge of the Agulhas Bank with a high degree of verisimilitude. The dimensions of the model features, their hydrographic structure and their velocities bear a strong resemblance to what has been observed. The simulation suggests that shear edge eddies remain trapped in the Agulhas Bank shelf bight and that eddies that subsequently travel downstream represent leakages from the resident shear eddy. This intermittent but frequent leakage of cyclonic motion downstream propagates at roughly 8 kmday-1 at intervals of roughly 20 days, and may trigger the detachment of a cyclonic eddy at the tip of the Agulhas Bank._ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBJ-493P758-2/2/f6f10512bb68ac32ca7cc074e510f157
TY - JOUR ?@ Wilkin, J. L.
Lanerolle, L. 2006< Ocean Forecast and Analysis Models for Coastal Observatories 549-572= Ocean Weather Forecasting: An integrated view of oceanography Chassignet, Eric P.
Verron, J. Springer ?m , Simpson, J. H.
Allen, C. M.
Morris, N. C. G. 1978 Fronts on the continental shelf 4607-4614 Journal of Geophysical Research 83 C9 ?A % Large, W.G
J.C. McWilliams
S.C. Doney 1994] Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization 363-403 Reviews of Geophysics 32 ?B Flather, R. A. 1976: A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf. 141-164! Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, Ser. 6 10 y?K Bigelow, H. B. 1927* Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Maine 511-1027 Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 40 d ?L Simpson, J. H.
Hunter, J. R. 1974 Fronts in the Irish Sea 404-406 Nature 250 ?M
Hutto, L.
Farrar, T.
Weller, R. 2005 CBLAST 2003 Field Work Report 136$ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-2005-04 ?N , Brink, K. H.
Limeburner, R.
Beardsley, R. C. 2003X Properties of flow and pressure over Georges Bank as observed with near-surface drifters 8001 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C11 doi:10.1029/2001JC001019?O Divins, D.L.
D. Metzger 2003 NGDC Coastal Relief Model 04-MGG-01R National Geophysical Data Center http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/coastal.html1 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/coastal.html1 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/coastal.html ?P P Hodur, R. M.
J. Pullen
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T. Yamada 1982H Development of a Turbulence Closure Model for Geophysical Fluid Problems 851-875' Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 20 ?R Mountain, D. G. 2003V Variability in the properties of Shelf Water in the Middle Atlantic Bight, 1977–1999 3014 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C1 doi:10.1029/2001JC001044 ?S Wang, S.
Wang, Q. 2003E Navy's COAMPS Real Time Forecasts during CBLAST-Low Field Experiments Abstract OS51G-06' Eos Trans. AGU, Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl. 84(52) @?T ! m 8 Wang, S.
Q. Wang
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C. Helmis 2004V Evaluation of COAMPS™ Real Time Forecast for CBLAST-Low Summer Experiments 2002/20030 16th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence Portland, Maine American Meteorological Society 8-13 August, 2004- http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/78760.pdf ?U A Fairall, C. W.
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Wilkin, J. L. 2006m Barotropic tides on the southeast New England shelf: A view from a hybrid data assimilative modeling approach doi:10.1029/2005JC003254 Journal of Geophysical Research 111 C08002 F?W Geyer, W.R.
Farmer, D.M. 1989@ Tide-induced variations of the dynamics of a salt wedge estuary. Journal of Physical Oceanography 19 1060-1072 ?X & Geyer, W.R.
J.H. Trowbridge
M.M. Bowen 2000) The dynamics of a partially mixed estuary 2035-2048 Journal of Physical Oceanography 30 ?Y Glenn, Scott
R. A. Arnone
Trisha Bergmann
W. P. Bissett
Michael Crowley
J. Cullen
J. Gryzmski
D. Haidvogel
Josh Kohut
Mark A. Moline
Mathew J. Oliver
C. Orrico
R. Sherrell
T. Song
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Robert Chant
Oscar Schofield 2004Q The biogeochemical impact of summertime coastal upwelling on the New Jersey Shelf 10.1029/2003JC002265 Journal of Geophysical Research 109
?Z X Chang, G.C., T.D. Dickey, O. Schofield, A.D. Weidemann, E. Boss, M.A. Moline, S.M. Glenn 2002J Nearshore physical forcing of bio-optical parameters in the New York Bight 1-16 Journal of Geophysical Research 107 C9 doi:10.1029/2001JC001018 !?[ $ Durski, S.
Glenn, S.M.
Haidvogel, D. 2004 Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparison of the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K-profile parameterization doi:10.1029/2002JC001702 Journal of Geophysical Research 109 C01015 ?\ Keen, T.R. and S.M. Glenn 1995x A coupled hydrodynamic-bottom boundary layer model of storm and tidal flow in the Middle Atlantic Bight of North America 391-406 Journal of Physical Oceanography 25 ?] Münchow, A.
Chant, R. J. 2000S Kinematics of inner shelf motion during the summer stratified season off New Jersey 247-268 Journal of Physical Oceanography 30 , ?^ n Oke, P. R.
Allen, J. S.
R. N. Miller
G. D. Egbert
J. A. Austin
J. A. Barth
T. J. Boyd
P. M. Kosro
M. D. Levine 2002r A modeling study of the three-dimensional continental shelf circulation off Oregon. Part I: Model-data comparisons 1360-1382 Journal of Physical Oceanography 32 ?_ @ Oke, P. R.
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Kosro, P. M. 2002S Assimilation of surface velocity data into a primitive equation coastal ocean model 3122 Journal of Geophysical Research 107 C9 doi:10.1029/2000JC000511 ?`
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Weller, R. 2002g CBLAST-Low Pilot Study: Mooring deployment cruise and data report; FV Nobska, June 4 to August 17, 2001 61$ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
WHOI-2002-03 ?a . Wijesekera, H.W.
Allen, J. S.
Newberger, P. A. 2003f Modeling study of turbulent mixing over the continental shelf: Comparison of turbulent closure schemes 3103 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C3 doi:10.1029/2001JC001234 )?b * Weaver, A. T.
J. Vialard
D. L. T. Anderson 2003 Three- and four-dimensional variational assimilation with an ocean general circulation model of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Part 1: Formulation, internal diagnostics and consistency checks 1360-1378 Monthly Weather Review 131 ?c S.P. Seitzinger
A.E. Giblin 1996H Estimating denitrification in North Atlantic continental shelf sediments 235-260 Biogeochemistry 350 denitrification
North Atlantic
continental shelf Marine Biogeochemistry Biogeochemistry ?d Shearman, R.K.
S.J. Lentz 2003< Dynamics of mean and subtidal flow on the New England shelf. 10.1029/2002JC001417 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 ? 2 Zhang, W. G.
Wilkin, J. L.
Levin, J.
Arango, H. G. 2008c Adjoint sensitivity analysis and optimal observations for circulation on the New Jersey inner shelf submitted Journal of Physical Oceanography ?f $ Beardsley, R.C.
Boicourt, William C. 1981K On estuarine and continental shelf circulation in the Middle Atlantic Bight 198-223" Evolution of Physical Oceanography Warren, B.A.
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The MIT Press ?g & Harris, C.K.
Butman, B.
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Mackas, D.L. 1991| Use of simulated drifter tracks to investigate general transport patterns and residence times in the coastal transition zone 15041-15052 Journal of Geophysical Research 96 C8 General transport patterns and residence times in the upper 100 m of the coastal transition zone (CTZ) were studied using simulated Lagrangian drifter experiments. The circulation fields used for the drifter experiments were obtained from a regional primitive equation model that incorporates coastal geometry and bottom topography that is representative of the CTZ region. The simulated circulation fields show velocity patterns that are consistent with those associated with the filaments and jets observed in the CTZ region. Drifters were released at 880 points in the model domain in a pattern that bracketed, both horizontally and vertically, the region in which offshore-flowing filaments were observed to form. At each location, drifters were released at depths of 30, 60, 90 m and tracked for 30 days. The depth of these drifters varied along their trajectories in response to the vertical velocities experienced by the drifters. An additional set of drifters was released at 30 m and was constrained to remain at this depth. The composite drifter trajectories show that transport patterns and residence times in the upper 100 m are determined by the proximity of the drifter release point to the offshore-flowing filament. ?i
Cresswell, G. R. 1967} Quasi-synoptic monthly hydrography of the transition region between coastal and slope water south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 114$ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-67-35 ?j McIntosh, P.C. 1990@ Oceanographic data interpolation: Objective analysis and splines
13,259-13,541 Journal of Geophysical Research 95 ? Shearman, K.
Lentz, S. 2004: Observations of tidal variability on the New England shelf C06010, doi:10.1029/2003JC001972 Journal of Geophysical Research 109 H ?k
Moody, J. A.
Butman, B.
Beardsley, R. C.
Brown, W. S.
Daifuku, P.
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Mayer, D. A.
Mofjeld, H. O.
Petrie, B.
Ramp, S.
Smith, P.
Wright, W. R. 1984g Atlas of tidal elevation and current observations on the northeast American continental shelf and slope 122 U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1611 ?l ) Warner, J. C.
Geyer, W. R.
Lerczak, J. A. 2005B Numerical modeling of an estuary: A comprehensive skill assessment C05001 Journal of Geophysical Research 110 doi:10.1029/2004JC002691 ?n R Aretxabaleta, A.
Manning, J.
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Blanton, B. O
Lynch, D. R. 2005u Data assimilative hindcast on the southern flank of Georges Bank during May 1999: Frontal circulation and implication 849-874 Continental Shelf Research 25 ?o Brown, W. S. 1984Q A comparison of Georges Bank, Gulf of Maine, and New England shelf tidal dynamics 145-167 Journal of Physical Oceanography 14 ?p H Colosi, J. A.
Beardsley, R. C.
Lynch, J. F.
Gawarkiewicz, G.
Chiu, C.-S. 2001} Observations of nonlinear internal waves on the outer New England continental shelf during the summer Shelfbreak Primer study 9587-9601 Journal of Geophysical Research 106 ?q . Egbert, G. D.
Bennett, A. F.
Foreman, M. G. G. 1994; TOPEX/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model
24,821-24,852 Journal of Geophysical Research 99 ?r Eldridge, G. 2005 Eldridge Tide and Pilot Book 272 Boston8 M. J. White, R. E. White, Jr. and L. F. White Publishers h ?s Wilmott, C. J. 1981 On the validation of models 184-194 Physical Geography 2 2F?t - Smith, E.
Vazquez, J.
Tran, A.
Sumagaysay, R. 1996^ Satellite-derived sea surface temperature data available from the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder programI Eos Trans. AGU Electronic Suppl., http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/95274e.html' http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/95274e.html ?u Barnett, T. P. 1983p Interaction of the monsoon and Pacific trade wind system at interannual time scales. Part I: The equatorial zone 756-773 Monthly Weather Review 111 ?v Merrifield, M. A.
Guza, R. T. 1990\ Detecting Propagating Signals with Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions: A Cautionary Note 1628-1633 Journal of Physical Oceanography 20 ?w
1 Preisendorfer, R. W.
Zwiers, F. W.
Barnett, T. P. 19812 Foundations of principal component selection rules 192 La Jolla, California# Scripps Institution of Oceanography SIO Ref. Ser. 81-4 ~?x Chelton, D. B.
Schlax, M. G. 1996+ Global observations of oceanic Rossby waves 234-238 Science 272 12 ?y Barnier, B. 1988 A numerical study on the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on nonlinear first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves generated by seasonal winds 417-433 Journal of Physical Oceanography 18 ?z Moore, M. I.
Wilkin, J. L. 1998 Variability in the South Pacific Deep Western Boundary Current from current meter observations and a high-resolution global model 5439-5457 Journal of Geophysical Research 103 ?{ Oke, P. R.
Middleton, J. H. 2001N Nutrient enrichment off Port Stephens: The role of the East Australian Current 587-606 Continental Shelf Research 21 (?| J Edson, J.
Crawford, T.
Crescenti, J.
Farrar, T.
Frew, N.
Gerbi, G.
Helmis, C.
Hristov, T.
Khelif, D.
Jessup, A.
Jonsson, H.
Li, M.
Mahrt, L.
McGillis, W.
Plueddemann, A.
Shen, L.
Skyllingstad, E.
Stanton, T.
Sullivan, P.
Sun, J.
Trowbridge, J.
Vickers, D.
Wang, S.
Wang, Q.
Weller, R.
Wilkin, J.
Williams III, A.
Yu, D.
Zappa, C. 2006H The Coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer Experiment in Low Winds 341-356/ Bulletin of the American Meteorologi m?} Richman, M. B. 1986 Rotation of principal components 293-335 Journal of Climatology 6 F?~ Mestas-Nunez, M. A. 20003 Orthogonality Properties of Rotated Empirical Modes$ International Journal of Climatology 20 1509-1516 ? Godfrey, J. S. 1973z Comparison of the East Australian Current with the western boundary flow in Bryan and Cox’s (1968) numerical model ocean 1059-1076 Deep Sea Research 20 ? % Bye, J. A. T.
Heath, R. A.
Sag, T. W. 1979? A Numerical Model of the Oceanic Circulation around New Zealand 892-899 Journal of Physical Oceanography 9 ? Hendershott, M. 1981 Long waves and ocean tides 292-341" Evolution of Physical Oceanography Warren, B.
Wunsch, C. Cambridge, Massachusetts MIT Press ?
Wilkin, J. L. 2006P The summertime heat budget and circulation of southeast New England shelf waters 1997-2011 Journal of Physical Oceanography 36 11 O? < Yankovsky, Alexander E.
Garvine, Richard W.
Munchow, Andreas 2000g Mesoscale Currents on the Inner New Jersey Shelf Driven by the Interaction of Buoyancy and Wind Forcing 2214-2230 Journal of Physical Oceanography 30 9 September 1, 2000 Shipboard hydrographic and acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys conducted in August 1996 on the New Jersey inner shelf revealed a buoyant intrusion advancing southward along the coast. This buoyant intrusion originated from the Hudson estuary more than 100 km upshelf and appeared as a bulge of less saline water with a sharp across-shelf frontal zone at its leading edge. During this time, the study area was also forced by a brief upwelling-favorable wind event opposing the direction of buoyant flow propagation. The interaction of buoyancy and wind forcing generated a spatially variable velocity field. In particular, across-shelf currents were comparable to their alongshelf counterparts. Variability in the alongshelf direction occurred on the scales of the order of the baroclinic Rossby radius. Intensive across-shelf currents reached speeds of 20- 40 cm s-1 and appeared as spatially localized mesoscale flows with a width of O(10 km). They were generated at the leading edge of the buoyant intrusion and persisted over the period of observations, slowly propagating southward along with the buoyant flow. They were essentially baroclinic with strong vertical shear and were further amplified by the wind forcing. The upwelling-favorable wind event also generated cyclonic circulation within the buoyant intrusion, which has not been observed before. Interaction of the opposing wind and buoyancy forcings deformed the pycnocline into a dome. This dome was effectively isolated from wind-induced turbulent mixing by overlying buoyant water. The adjustment of the velocity field to this density disturbance occurred geostrophically, even though the water depth was only 20-30 m and friction was important. Relative vorticity associated with this cyclonic flow was at least 0.3f.B http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<2214:MCOTIN>2.0.CO;2 ?
Bowman, M. J. 1978I Spreading and mixing of the Hudson River effluent into the New York Bight 373-386% Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords 23 Nihoul, J. C. J. Elsevier? " Chapman, David C.
Lentz, Steven J. 1994@ Trapping of a Coastal Density Front by the Bottom Boundary Layer 1464-1479 Journal of Physical Oceanography 24 7 July 1, 1994 The dynamics of a surface-to-bottom density front on a uniformly sloping continental shelf and the role of density advection in the bottom boundary layer are examined using a three-dimensional, primitive equation numerical model. The front is formed by prescribing a localized freshwater inflow through the coastal boundary. The resulting freshwater plume turns anticyclonically and moves along the coast, generating offshore transport in the bottom boundary layer, which advects freshwater offshore and creates a sharp surface-to-bottom density front with a surface-intensified alongshelf jet over the front. The offshore buoyancy flux in the bottom boundary layer moves the front offshore until it reaches a depth where the vertical shear within the front leads to a reversal in the cross-shelf velocity at the shoreward edge of the front. Consequently, the offshore buoyancy flux in the bottom boundary layer vanishes shoreward of the front. Within the front, a steady balance is established in the bottom boundary layer between vertical mixing and onshore advection of density. At this point, the front is "trapped" to an isobath; that is, the front remains parallel to the isobath and does not move farther offshore. The location of the trapped front is consistent with simple thermal wind dynamics. The basic frontal-trapping mechanism dominates the dynamics for a wide range of inflow velocities and densities (including very weak density anomalies), indicating that the advection of density in the bottom boundary layer may play a major role in the circulation on many continental shelves, even when the bottom boundary layer is thin compared to the total water depth.B http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1464:TOACDF>2.0.CO;2 [? # Chao, Shenn-Yu
Boicourt, William C. 1986 Onset of Estuarine Plumes 2137-2149 Journal of Physical Oceanography 16 12 December 1, 1986u The onset of estuarine plumes is numerically studied here, using a three-dimensional, primitive-equation model. The model ocean consists of a narrow estuary that is connected to an otherwise enclosed ocean basin. The basin is initially filled with saline water. Subsequently, freshwater is pumped in near the surface and the saline water is withdrawn from below at the head of the estuary. To maximize the chance of development for a baroclinic flow field, a rigid-lid and a flat bottom are assumed, and the inflow-outflow profile has no barotropic component. The plume expands in the direction of propagation of the coastally trapped waves after the freshwater release. The intrusion speed inside the estuary is consistently higher than that along the shelf. Energy is therefore accumulated near the estuary mouth, forming a bulge of anticyclonic surface flow. The far-field flow consists of a bore intrusion along the shelf. The transitional zone between the near-field and far-field flows is characterized by strong cyclonic surface flow and also strong downwelling. For reasonable amounts of vertical mixing and bottom drag, two-layer opposite flows are confined inside the bulge and the far-field bore intrusion is unidirectional. In the limit of small vertical mixing and vanishing bottom drag, the difference in intrusion speeds in and out of the estuary is reduced. The seaward expansion of the bulge decreases, and the undercurrent leaks out of the bulge and propagates behind the nose of the bore. The three-dimensional structures of the density-driven estuarine circulation and also of the bore intrusion along the shelf have been identified.@ http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<2137:OOEP>2.0.CO;2 ? Bowman, M. J.
Iverson, R. L. 1978 Estuarine and plume fronts 87-104# Oceanic Fronts in Coastal Processes Bowman, M. J.
Esaias, W. E. Springer-Verlag ? Fong, D. A.
Geyer, W. R. 2001B Response of a river plume during an upwelling favorable wind event 1067-1084 Journal of Geophysical Research 106 ? Fong, D. A.
Geyer, W. R. 2002G The alongshore transport of freshwater in a surface-trapped river plume 957-972 Journal of Physical Oceanography 32 ? , García Berdeal, I.
Hickey, B. M.
Kawase, M. 2002I Influence of wind stress and ambient flow on a high discharge river plume 3130, doi:10.1029/2001JC000932 Journal of Geophysical Research 107 doi:10.1029/2001JC000932 ? Janzen, C. D.
Wong, K.-C. 2002T Wind-forced dynamics at the estuary-shelf interface of a large coastal plain estuary 3138, doi:10.1029/2001JC000959 Journal of Geophysical Research 107 ? - Johnson, D. R.
Miller, Jerry
Schofield, Oscar 20035 Dynamics and optics of the Hudson River outflow plume 3323, doi:10.1029/2002JC001485 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 C10 ? Münchow, A.
Garvine, R. W. 1993. Buoyancy and wind forcing of a coastal current 293-322 Journal of Marine Research 51 ? Münchow, A. 19923 The formation of a buoyancy driven coastal current, 205 Ph.D. dissertation University of Delaware? , Oey, L.-Y.
Manning, J.
Jo, H. T.
You, K. W. 19959 A plume and wind driven circulation of the New York Bight 329-3476 Quantitative skill assessment for coastal ocean models Lynch, D. R.
Davies, A. M. Washington, D.C. American Geophysical Union ?
Peters, H. 1999B Spatial and temporal variability of turbulent mixing in an estuary 805-845 Journal of Marine Research 57 ? Pullen, J. D.
Allen, J. S. 2000t Modeling studies of the coastal circulation off northern California: Shelf response to a major Eel River flood event 2213-2238 Continental Shelf Research 20 ? Sanders, T. M.
Garvine, R. W. 2001[ Fresh water delivery to the continental shelf and subsequent mixing: an observational study
27,087-27,101 Journal of Geophysical Research 106 ? Whitney, M. M.
Garvine, R. W. 2005+ Wind influence on a coastal buoyant outflow doi:10.1029/2003JC002261 Journal of Geophysical Research 110 C03014 ? Whitney, M. M.
Garvine, R. W. 2006I Simulating the Delaware Bay buoyant outflow: Comparison with observations 3-21 Journal of Physical Oceanography 36 ? ) Yankovsky, Alexander E.
Chapman, David C. 1997: A Simple Theory for the Fate of Buoyant Coastal Discharges 1386-1401 Journal of Physical Oceanography 27 7 July 1, 1997 A simple theory that predicts the vertical structure and offshore spreading of a localized buoyant inflow onto a continental shelf is formulated. The theory is based on two competing mechanisms that move the buoyant fluid offshore: 1) the radial spread of the lighter water over the ambient water, being deflected by the Coriolis force and producing an anticyclonic cyclostrophic plume, and 2) offshore transport of buoyant water in the frictional bottom boundary layer that moves the entire plume offshore while maintaining contact with the bottom. The surface expression of the cyclostrophic plume moves offshore a distanceys {equals} 2(3g'h0 {plus} {upsi} 2i)/(2g'h0 {plus} {upsi} 2i)1/2f,where g' is reduced gravity based on the inflow density anomaly, h0 is the inflow depth, {upsi}i is the inflow velocity, and f is the Coriolis parameter. The plume remains attached to the bottom to a depth given byhb {equals} (2L{upsi}ih0f/g')1/2,where L is the inflow width. Both scales are based solely on parameters of the buoyant inflow at its source. There are three possible scenarios. 1) If the predicted hb is shallower than the inflow depth, then the bottom boundary layer does not transport buoyancy offshore, and a purely surface-advected plume forms, which extends offshore a minimum of more than four Rossby radii. 2) If the hb isobath is farther offshore than ys, then transport in the bottom boundary layer dominates and a purely bottom-advected plume forms, which is trapped along the hb isobath. 3) If the hb isobath is deeper than the inflow depth but shoreward of ys, then an intermediate plume forms in which the plume detaches from the bottom at hb and spreads offshore at the surface to ys. The theory is tested using a primitive equation numerical model. All three plume types are reproduced with scales that agree well with the theory. The theory is compared to a number of observational examples. In all cases, the prediction of plume type is correct, and the length scales are consistent with the theory.B http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1386:ASTFTF>2.0.CO;2 ? + Yankovsky, Alexander E.
Garvine, Richard W. 1998N Subinertial Dynamics on the Inner New Jersey Shelf during the Upwelling Season 2444-2458 Journal of Physical Oceanography 28 12 December 1, 1998 Subinertial dynamics on the inner New Jersey shelf is examined using time series of the forcing agents (atmospheric pressure, wind stress, and Hudson River streamflow), adjusted sea level (ASL) along the southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, and mooring data collected during the summer of 1996. High-frequency (period 1-3 days) transient wind-driven events were evident both in ASL and alongshelf current data. ASL events propagated southward with remarkably high speed (~10 m s-1) in the manner of free coastally trapped waves (CTW). However, these transients were forced by the wind events within the study domain: both ASL and alongshelf current fluctuations were coherent with the local alongshore wind stress. ASL amplitude substantially increased downshelf (southward). These transient flows propagated from the corner in the coastline formed by the southern Long Island and northern New Jersey coasts. This bend of the coastline created a discontinuity in the alongshore wind stress component that caused the generation of CTW pulses at this location. During the period of observations, enhanced buoyant flows arrived at the site of the moorings. They were associated with increased Hudson River discharge. These buoyant flows and transient wind-driven events strongly interacted: transient wind-driven currents were dramatically amplified in the buoyant water while the buoyant water was spread offshore. Amplified transient currents were not associated with the enhanced vertical shear. Lower-frequency wind forcing generated upwelling events with typical duration of 8-10 days. During the upwelling, temperature dropped through the whole water column, but the stratification remained significant (5-deg-6-degC in 8-10 m of water). Even though upwelling-favorable winds dominated, record-mean currents in the upper layer were weak (2-5 cm s-1) due to the close competition between wind and buoyancy forcing.B http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2444:SDOTIN>2.0.CO;2 ? 2 Yankovsky, Alexander E.
Hickey, B. M.
Münchow, A. 2001= Impact of variable inflow on the dynamics of a coastal plume.
19,809-19,824 Journal of Geophysical Research 106 ? Garvine, R. W. 2001O Artifacts in buoyant coastal discharge models: An observational and model study 193-225 Journal of Marine Research 59 ? Hetland, R. D. 20051 Relating river plume structure to vertical mixing 1667-1688 Journal of Physical Oceanography 35 ? B Chant, R. J.
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Glenn, S. 2006* Sea breeze forcing on the New Jersey shelf Abstract OS35J-01' Eos Trans. AGU, Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl. 87(36) ? Wilkin, J. L.
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Hernan Arango
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James C. McWilliams
Arthur J. Miller
Andrew M. Moore
T. M. Powell
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C. R. Sherwood
R. P. Signell
John C. Warner
John Wilkin 2008z Ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: Formulation and skill asse ? Wilkin, J. L.
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Lee, T. 1999v Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general circulation model and application to Atlantic heat transport sensitivity
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Wigley, T. M. L.
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Burgers, Gerrit
Venzke, Stephan
Eckert, Christian
Giering, Ralf 1999> Tracking Down the ENSO Delayed Oscillator with an Adjoint OGCM 1477-1496 Monthly Weather Review 127 7
July 01, 1999 According to the delayed-oscillator picture of ENSO, a positive SST anomaly in the eastern tropical Pacific will cause westerly wind anomalies closer to the date line to first give a positive feedback, and later, via planetary wave reflection at the western boundary, a negative feedback. The aim of this study is to follow a chain of sensitivities that lead to a delayed-oscillator mechanism in a general circulation model. To this end, the adjoint of such an ocean model is used for studying sensitivities of ENSO indices.The ocean model used in this study is the Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation (HOPE) ocean general circulation model. Its adjoint has been constructed using the Adjoint Model Compiler. Applied to a scalar function computed with a forward model run, an adjoint run goes back in time and calculates sensitivities as the derivatives of this function to forcing fields or ocean state variables at earlier times.Results from six adjoint runs are reported, tracing the sensitivities of the NINO3 and NINO3.4 indices in October 1987, December 1987, and December 1988, as simulated by a Pacfic-only version of HOPE forced by ECHAM-3 fluxes.The sensitivities to sea level can be followed back in time for more than a year. They are nonlocal: patterns propagate back in time that are identified as adjoint Kelvin and n = 1, 2, and 3 Rossby waves, with speeds compatible with those obtained from model density profiles. Both the first and the second baroclinic modes seem to play a role. In contrast, the model sensitivities to heat flux, zonal surface currents, and SST are local and decay in about a month.The sensitivities to the wind stress agree with the wave interpretation of the sea-level sensitivities, but only the n = 1 Rossby wave is visible. Going back in time, the sensitivity to westerly anomalies along the equator changes sign, in agreement with the delayed-oscillator picture.Finally, a statistical atmosphere model is used to convert sensitivities to wind stress at a given time to sensitivities to SST through the atmosphere at that time. Focusing on the sensitivities to the ENSO index region itself at an earlier time then closes the circle. These sensitivities have a natural interpretation as delayed-oscillator coefficients and show the expected behavior of a positive sensitivity in the recent past changing to a negative sensitivity at longer lags. However, the strength of these feedbacks, and hence the relevance of this mechanism in ENSO simulated in HOPE, cannot be determined accurately.P http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281999%29127%3C1477%3ATDTEDO%3E2.0.CO%3B2 ?% Junge, M. M.
Haine, T. W. N. 2001I Mechanisms of North Atlantic Wintertime Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 4560-4572 Journal of Climate 14 ?& - Hill, C.
Bugnion, V.
Follows, M.
Marshall, J. 2004h Evaluating carbon sequestration efficiency in an ocean circulation model by adjoint sensitivity analysis C11005, doi:10.1029/2002JC001598 Journal of Geophysical Research 109 ?' Galanti, Eli
Tziperman, Eli 2003Y A Midlatitude-ENSO Teleconnection Mechanism via Baroclinically Unstable Long Rossby Waves 1877-1888 Journal of Physical Oceanography 33 9 September 01, 2003 The possibility of generating decadal ENSO variability via an ocean teleconnection to the midlatitude Pacific is studied. This is done by analyzing the sensitivity of the equatorial stratification to midlatitude processes using an ocean general circulation model, the adjoint method, and a quasigeostrophic normal-mode stability analysis. It is found that, on timescales of 2–15 yr, the equatorial Pacific is most sensitive to midlatitude planetary Rossby waves traveling from the midlatitudes toward the western boundary and then to the equator. Those waves that propagate through baroclinically unstable parts of the subtropical gyre are amplified by the baroclinic instability and therefore dominate the midlatitude signal arriving at the equator. This result implies that decadal variability in the midlatitude Pacific would be efficiently transmitted to the equatorial Pacific from specific areas of the midlatitude Pacific that are baroclinically unstable, such as the near-equatorial edges of the subtropical gyres (15°N and 12°S). The Rossby waves that propagate via the baroclinically unstable areas are of the advective mode type, which follow the gyre circulation to some degree and arrive from as far as 25°N and 30°S in the east Pacific. It is shown that the baroclinic instability amplifying these waves involves critical layers due to the vertical shear of the subtropical gyre circulation, at depths of 150–200 m.P http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0485%282003%29033%3C1877%3AAMTMVB%3E2.0.CO%3B2 ?( Bertsekas, D. P. 19828 Constrained optimization and Lagrange multiplier methods 395 New York Academic Press ?) 4 Dutkiewicz, S.
Heimbach, M.
Follows, M.
Marshall, J. 2006Z Controls on ocean productivity and air-sea carbon flux: an adjoint model sensitivity study L02603, 10.1029/2005GL024987 Geophysical Research Letters 33 ?* Köhl, Armin
Stammer, Detlef 20046 Optimal Observations for Variational Data Assimilation 529-542 Journal of Physical Oceanography 34 3 March 01, 2004% An important part of ocean state estimation is the design of an observing system that allows for the efficient study of climate related questions in the ocean. A solution to the design problem is presented here in terms of optimal observations that emerge as singular vectors of the modified data resolution matrix. The actual computation is feasible only for scalar quantities and in the limit of large observational errors. Identical twin experiments performed in the framework of a 1° North Atlantic primitive equation model demonstrate that such optimal observations, when applied to determining the heat transport across the Greenland–Scotland ridge, perform significantly better than traditional section data. On seasonal to interannual time scales, optimal observations are located primarily along the continental shelf and information about heat transport, wind stress, and stratification is being communicated through boundary waves and advective processes. On time scales of about 1 month, sea surface height observations appear to be more efficient in reconstructing the cross-ridge heat transport than hydrographic observations. Optimal observations also provide a tool for understanding changes of ocean state associated with anomalies of integral quantities such as meridional heat transport.# http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F2513.1 ?+ Losch, Martin
Heimbach, Patrick 2007N Adjoint Sensitivity of an Ocean General Circulation Model to Bottom Topography 377-393 Journal of Physical Oceanography 37 2 February 01, 2007 Bottom topography, or more generally the geometry of the ocean basins, is an important ingredient in numerical ocean modeling. With the help of an adjoint model, it is shown that scalar diagnostics or objective functions in a coarse-resolution model, such as the transport through Drake Passage, the strength of the Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation, the Deacon cell, and the meridional heat transport across 32°S, are sensitive to bottom topography as much as they are to surface boundary conditions. For example, adjoint topography sensitivities of the transport through Drake Passage are large in choke-point areas such as the Crozet–Kerguélen Plateau and south of New Zealand; the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is sensitive to topography in the western boundary region of the North Atlantic Ocean and along the Scotland–Iceland Ridge. Many sensitivities are connected to steep topography and can be interpreted in terms of bottom form stress, that is, the product of bottom pressure and topography gradient. The adjoint sensitivities are found to agree with direct perturbation methods with deviations smaller than 30% for significant perturbations on time scales of 100 yr, so that the assumption of quasi linearity that is implicit in the adjoint method holds. The horizontal resolution of the numerical model affects the sensitivities to bottom topography, but large-scale patterns and the overall impact of changes in topography appear to be robust. The relative impact of changes in topography and surface boundary conditions on the model circulation is estimated by multiplying the adjoint sensitivities with assumed uncertainties. If the uncertainties are correlated in space, changing the surface boundary conditions has a larger impact on the scalar diagnostics than topography does, but the effects can locally be on the same order of magnitude if uncorrelated uncertainties are assumed. In either case, bottom topography variations within their prior uncertainties affect the solution of an ocean circulation model. To this extent, including topography in the control vector can be expected to compensate for identifiable model errors and, thus, to improve the solutions of estimation problems.& http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2FJPO3017.1 ?, Li, X.
Wunsch, C. 2004I An adjoint sensitivity study of chlorofluorocarbons in the North Atlantic C01007, doi:10.1029/2003JC002014 Journal of Geophysical Research ?- 2 Palmer, T. N.
Gelaro, R.
Barkmeijer, J.
Buizza, R. 19984 Singular Vectors, Metrics, and Adaptive Observations 633–653 Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 55{ ?. * Veneziani, Milena
Edwards, C. A.
Doyle, J. 2008 A Central California coastal ocean modeling study. Part I: The forward model and the influence of realistic versus climatological forcing submitted Journal of Geophysical Research We report on a numerical simulation of the California Current
circulation using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)
model, focusing on the region of the northern and central
California during the 5-year period from 2000 to 2004. Unlike
previous model studies of the California Current System, the
present configuration is characterized by both realistic
external forcing and a spatial domain covering most of the North
America west coast. Specifically, this configuration is driven
at the surface by high-resolution meteorological fields from the
Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)
and at the lateral open boundaries by output from the project,
Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean supported by
the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (ECCO-GODAE). The
simulation is evaluated favorably through quantitative
comparisons with the California Cooperative Fisheries
Investigations (CalCOFI) data set, satellite derived sea surface
temperature, and surface drifters derived eddy kinetic energy.
The impact of adopting realistic versus climatological surface
forcing is demonstrated by comparing mean and mesoscale
circulation characteristics. Realistic surface forcing
qualitatively alters the seasonal cycle of the mean alongshore
jet and better reproduces the summer spatial structure and
intensity of the eddy kinetic energy field along the central
Califo ?/ - Veneziani, Milena
Edwards, C. A.
Moore, A. M. 2008j A Central California modeling study. Part II: Adjoint sensitivities to local and remote forcing mechanisms submitted Journal of Geophysical Research The sensitivity of particular features within the California Current System to remote and local forcing is numerically investigated using the adjoint model version of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). We define three integral measures of nearshore surface temperature, cross-shore transport, and sea surface height as metrics that characterize important aspects of the coastal circulation. We determine the metrics' relative sensitivity to different components of the surface external forcing and model initial condition fields. Calculations are performed for 14-day intervals over the five year period from 2000 to 2004. Sensitivities are ranked in terms of their relative importance in the annual average, and their seasonal cycle is examined. Contributions from different portions of the domain are identified to determine the importance of local versus remote forcing. Local forcing, particularly wind stress and at times heat flux, are the dominant forcing contributors to temperature and transport sensitivities, although model initial conditions can contribute quantitatively on the same order as surface fluxes. The sea surface height metric reveals important nonlocal effects, particularly along the open boundary of this regional simulation. rnia coast. ?0 * Allen, J. S.
Newberger, P. A.
Federiuk, J. 1995\ Upwelling Circulation on the Oregon Continental Shelf. Part I: Response to Idealized Forcing 1843–1866 Journal of Physical Oceanography 25 ?1 Federiuk, J.
Allen, J. S. 1995m Upwelling Circulation on the Oregon Continental Shelf. Part II: Simulations and Comparisons with Observations 1867–1889 Journal of Physical Oceanography 25 ?2 $ Zhang, W.
Wilkin, J. L.
Chant, R. J. 2008G Modeling of mean dynamics and freshwater pathways in the New York Bight submitted Journal of Physical Oceanography ?3 Errico, R. M.
Vukicevic, T. 1992E Sensitivity analysis using an adjoint of the PSU-NCAR mesoscale model 1644-1660 Monthly Weather Review 120 ?4 W Cahill, B.
Schofield, Oscar
Chant, R. J.
Wilkin, J.
Hunter, E.
Glenn, S.
Bissett, W. P. 2008] Dynamics of turbid buoyant plumes and the feedbacks on near-shore biogeochemistry and physics L10605, doi:10.1029/2008GL033595 Physical Oceanography ?5 Lentz, S. 2008W Seasonal Variations in the Circulation over the Middle Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf accepted Journal of Physical Oceanography ?6 Richard W. Paulson 1970u Variation of the Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in the Delaware River Estuary as a Function of Freshwater Inflow 516-526 Water Resources Research 6 2 ?7 Wong, K.-C. 1994B On the nature of transverse variability in a coastal plain estuary
14,209-14,222 Journal of Geophysical Research 99 C7 ?8 Geyer, W. R.
Signell, R. P. 1992D A reassessment of the role of tidal dispersion in estuaries and bays 97-108 Estuaries 15 ?9 + Butman, B.
Sherwood, C. R.
Dalyander, P. S. 2008p Northeast storms ranked by wind stress and wave-generated bottom stress observed in Massachusetts Bay, 1990-2006( 1231-1245, doi 10.1016/j.csr.2008.02.010 Continental Shelf Res. 28 earch 106 ?: Holbrook, N. J.
Maharaj, A. M. 20087 Southwest Pacific subtropical mode water: A climatology) 298-315, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.01.015 Progress in Oceanography 77 $ Geophysical Research Letters 35^?; Hofmann, E. E.
Druon, J.-N.
Fennel, K.
Friedrichs, M.
Haidvogel, D.
Lee, C.
Mannino, A.
McClain, C.
Najjar, R.
Siewert, J.
O'Reilly, J.
Pollard, D.
Previdi, M.
Seitzinger, S.
Signorini, S.
Wilkin, J.
2008a Eastern U.S. Continental Shelf Carbon Budget: Integrating Models, Data Assimilation, and Analysis 86-104 Oceanography 21 ?< C Castelao, R.
Glenn, S.
Schofield, O.
Chant, R.
Wilkin, J.
Kohut, J. 2008g Seasonal evolution of hydrographic fields in the central Middle Atlantic Bight from glider observations L03617, doi:10.1029/2007GL032335 Geophysical Research Letters 35 cal Society 88 3 x 3 Wilkin, J.
Zaval' @D?= a-Garay, Javier
Levin, J.
Zhang, W. 2008 Four-dimensional variational assimilation of satellite temperature and sea-level data in the coastal ocean and adjacent deep sea F , Proceedings IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '08
Boston, Mass. ?> = Pascual, A.
Pujol, M.-I.
Larnicol, G.
Le Traon, P.
Rio, M.-H. 2007z Mesoscale mapping capabilities of multisatellite altimeter missions: First results with real data in the Mediterranean Sea 190-211 Journal of Marine Systems 65 PK N87I/* * refs.FRM 0 B < ! // ! H PRIMARYyearIndex
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